Data as Bits

Combinational Logic

C Pointers

Memory allocation

Virtual memory

Digital Logic

Arithmetic Logic

C Arrays

Process (computing)

Memory hierarchy

Transistors to Gates

Sequential logic

Exceptional Control Flow (ECF)

Processor Datapath

Call stack

Process modeling

Software Tools

Floating Point Number Representation

Representing Data Structures

Shell (computing)

Integer Representation

Programming with Memory

Buffer overflow

Thread (computing)

CS 240 Foundations of Computer Systems Wellesley College Spring 2023 This course explores the inner workings of computers, focusing on how they execute programs. Students gain an in-depth understanding of software and hardware abstractions, ranging from programming languages to transistors. Key areas covered include computational building blocks, hardware-software interfaces, data representation, and practical system abstractions. The course also emphasizes structured reasoning about program execution and promotes skills for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving in computer science. CS 240 examines how computers run programs, introducing key abstractions and implementations in software and hardware between programming languages and transistors. ## Goals

Course goals include:

- To understand how computers execute programs.
- To understand the roles of key software and hardware abstractions, their implementations, and their relation through translation and representation, including: digital logic, microarchitecture, instruction set architecture, the memory hierarchy, basics of programming language implementations, and operating system abstractions.
- To understand when and how computer system implementation impacts correctness or performance of arbitrary high-level programs.
- To become proficient in structured reasoning about the execution of programs on well-defined models, including the use of assertions and debugging tools to inspect program invariants and execution state.
- To develop foundations for further study of programming language implementation, security, computer architecture, operating systems, networks, concurrent and distributed systems, or other systems/implementation topics in computer science.
- [**To develop skills for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving as a self-reliant computer scientist.**](#compact)

## Topics

The [course home page](https://cs.wellesley.edu/~cs240/s23/) hosts the working schedule. +Optional extensions are prefixed in the schedule with a plus sign. We may visit these if there is time. They are always available for your own exploration in further depth.

**Computational Building Blocks:**

- Hardware computation building blocks: 
    - Transistors, digital logic gates
    - Combinational and arithmetic logic
    - Sequential (stateful) logic
    - Overview of computer processor architecture
- Data representation fundamentals: 
    - Data representation with bits, bit-level computation
    - Number representation, arithmetic
    - The memory model, pointers, and arrays in the C language
    - Assertions, debugging

**Hardware-Software Interface:**

- The instruction set architecture model, machine code, assembly language, x86
- Basic program translation
- Control flow
- Procedures, call stack
- Data layout, security implications

**Abstractions for Practical Systems:**

- The memory hierarchy, caches
- Memory allocation
- Operating system basics: 
    - Exception control flow
    - The process model
    - Virtual memory
- Compilers, run-time systems, programming tools
- Beyond 240 ### When Should You Take CS 240?

**Prerequisite:** CS 230 or permission of the instructor is **required** to enroll in CS 240.

**Recommendations:**

- Consider your courseload carefully. CS 240 is a 1.25-credit lab course that requires a larger time commitment and workload than most 1-credit courses.
- Take CS 240 early after finishing the CS 111 / CS 230 introductory sequence. CS 240 should boost your independence, give valuable context for *how things work* as you approach further computing studies, and open doors to a wide range of courses and areas in CS.

Please talk to the [instructors](#staff) if you have any questions or concerns. We are happy to work with you to make your time in CS 240 most effective and rewarding for you. ### Texts

Electronic options are available for all required sources. At least one physical copy of each text is also available in the physical SCI L037 CS Systems Lab **for use within the CS department area.**Please use them in the data lab area and return them to the shelf when you are done.

**We use one primary textbook extensively:**

- **CSAPP 3e** ([*Wellesley online access*](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eFNJ7GqAHH8_W4dNv0UC4qkZX-kEMQH_?usp=sharing)):   
    [*Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, 3/E*](http://csapp.cs.cmu.edu). (**3rd edition**, significant changes since 2nd)   
    Bryant and O’Hallaron, Pearson, 2016. ISBN-13: 9780134092669. 
    - We **need the 3rd edition**. See [the errata](http://csapp.cs.cmu.edu/3e/errata.html).
    - Unfortunately, the library is not able to acquire an electronic version, but there are several options to access the book, including, but not limited to: 
        - If you prefer physical books, paperback copies are available for much less than the hardcover version. “Global” 3rd editions mostly work, but have some additional errors (not listed on the errata page).
        - [6 months of access to an electronic version is available for $35.](https://www.vitalsource.com/products/computer-systems-a-programmer-39-s-perspective-randal-e-bryant-david-r-v9780134092997)
        - During difficult pandemic circumstances, [we have scans of the relevant excerpts available for CS 240 students (Wellesley ONLY)](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eFNJ7GqAHH8_W4dNv0UC4qkZX-kEMQH_?usp=sharing). Being scans, these excerpts are not quite as good quality as some other electronic or paper options.
    - Please contact the instructors if none of the available options work for you.

**Other textbooks are used during the first part of the course:**

- **DDCA** ([*Wellesley online access*](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/well/detail.action?docID=404196)):   
    [*Digital Design and Computer Architecture*](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/well/detail.action?docID=404196).   
    Harris and Harris, Morgan Kaufmann, 2007. 
    - [The library has an electronic version of this text](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/well/detail.action?docID=404196)

**We recommend a good reference on the C programming language.**Here are a couple solid options:

- **[Essential C](http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/101/)** (PDF)  
    Nick Parlante, 2003. Stanford University.
- **K&amp;R:**  
    [*The C Programming Language, 2nd edition*](http://luna.wellesley.edu/record=b1630956~s1).   
    Kernighan and Ritchie, Prentice Hall, 1988. ISBN-13: 978-0131103627, ISBN-10: 0131103628.

**Additional materials** will be posted directly on the [course website](/~cs240/s23/).

CS 240 Foundations of Computer Systems

Computer Systems

Data as Bits

1 courses cover this concept

CS 240 Foundations of Computer Systems