The comparative method is used to compare two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor in order to infer the properties of that ancestor. It is used together with internal reconstruction to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages, fill in gaps in the historical record, and discover the development of phonological, morphological, and other linguistic systems. It was developed in the 19th century by scholars such as Rasmus Rask, Karl Verner, Jacob Grimm, and August Schleicher.
Stanford University
Autumn 2022
The course addresses both classic and recent developments in counting and sampling. It covers counting complexity, exact counting via determinants, sampling via Markov chains, and high-dimensional expanders.
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