Observability

Registers

Exception handling

Makefiles

Devices

Thread (computing)

Networking

Compiler Optimization

Interrupts

File system

CS 140E: embedded operating systems Stanford University Winter 2023 This course focuses on providing an introduction to operating systems with a specific emphasis on embedded systems, interacting with hardware, and verification. Students will have hands-on experience through labs and will build their own simple, clean operating system for an ARM-based Raspberry Pi. The course offers opportunities to work with real hardware and primary-source documents, encouraging a deeper understanding of computation on real hardware. Tl;dr:

- It's a lab class, so jump right to the labs.
- If you find the material useful, please consider donating --- all donated funds go entirely to buy food and equipment for the 2023 lab students.

CS140E is an introductory operating systems course. It roughly covers the same high-level material as [CS 212](https://cs212.stanford.edu/) (formerly CS 140), but with a focus on embedded systems, interacting directly with hardware, and verification. Both courses cover concepts such as virtual memory, filesystems, networking, and scheduling, but take different approaches to doing so. By the end of 140E, you will have (hopefully) built your own simple, clean operating system for the widely-used, [ARM-based Raspberry Pi](https://www.raspberrypi.org/). ## Details

140e is a lab-based class with no explicit lectures. We will do two three-to-five hour labs each week. You should be able to complete almost all of the lab in one sitting. There will be several homeworks, that act as mini-capstone projects tying together the preceding labs. Since we are breaking new ground by having the class virtual only, we may add an additional discussion section to help people that need it.

By the end of the class you will have built your own simple, clean OS for the widely-used, ARM-based raspberry pi --- including interrupts, threads, virtual memory, and a simple file system. Your OS should serve as a good base for interesting, real, sensor-based / embedded projects.

We try to work directly with primary-sources (the Broadcom and ARM6 manuals, various datasheets) since learning to understand such prose is one of the super-powers of good systems hackers. It will also give you the tools to go off on your own after the course and fearlessly build sensor-based devices using only their datasheets.

This course differs from most OS courses in that it uses real hardware instead of a fake simulator, and almost all of the code will be written by you.

After this quarter, you'll know/enact many cool things your peers do not. You will also have a too-rare concrete understanding of how computation works on real hardware. This understanding will serve you in many other contexts. For what it is worth, everything you build will be stuff we found personally useful. There will be zero (intentional) busy-work.

### Who should take this class.

The goal of the class is to help students who are very motivated and/or very good to go far, quickly. We focus on building small, simple but real OS subsystems --- threading, virtual memory, etc --- that can be used to build many other things.

You should take this class if:

You write code well OR (you don't yet write code well AND have a lot of time to devote to the class);

AND you find these systems topics interesting.

The people that found the class valuable in the past were entirely drawn from this demographic. I would say that if you struggle building stuff and are not already interested in the topic, then it's probably better to take a different class. I would particularly advise against taking this class if you were looking for an easier way to satisfy a cs140 requirement.

It always helps, but you do not need any background in hardware or OS stuff to do well in the class. In fact, you don't even need to have been trained in CS: one of the best students from last year was a physics PhD student with fairly minimal background in coding, so we've had fantastic luck with non-CS folks :) With that said, the less background you have, the more motivation you might need.

By the end of the class you'll have learned how to comfortably do many things that may well seem like superpowers and could easily serve you well for the next few decades.

If you have background in the "embedded" space, it's worth taking b/c you'll learn a bunch of useful but not widely-known tricks (I'll pay for your supplies and a pitcher of beer if this claim turns out to be false!)

It's also super fun. The code you'll write can be used to as a basis for building many interesting systems.

As one measure: Last year, I taught two extra follow-on classes (cs240lx and cs340lx) ``for free'' because of all the interesting things that came up from cs140e. In addition, it's caused me to write more code than I have since grad school. At my age, that's an unusual result :)

### What this class is not

A quick skim might falsely pattern-match on a couple of things:

1. cs140e is NOT an easier version of cs140. In fact, it can be quite a bit harder, since we work with raw hardware, and primarily use raw datasheets and ARMv6 architecture manuals rather than pre-digested text books or simulators.

    I'd say about 1/3 of the teaching evals from last year explicitly stated "do not take cs140e as an easier cs140".

    On the plus side, this approach is the adult way to do things, so you will be better prepared after the class for operating autonomously in the real world without safety nets or help. Everything you'll build will be stuff we personally found useful. There is no (intentional) busywork.

1. Similarly, while we do use a raspberry pi for this class, and there are tons of blog posts/instructables/classes for novices showing how to use the r/pi to do simple things, this class is not that.

    You'll be writing virtual memory systems, SD card file systems, threads, i2c device drivers on raw hardware rather than cut-and-pasting some python on a library to blinky a light.

    We use the r/pi because its fairly cheap, holds up to electrical mistakes pretty well, runs a legit processor with legit hardware and is small enough to carry around easily.

With that said, I set aside the entire quarter to work on this course, so am happy to help people that need it --- some of the biggest success stories last year were from students that had an initially large gap between their understanding and the topic but started to really "get it" after some weeks of struggle.
 Note that nothing here is strictly required, as long as you're willing to learn it on-the-fly. However, the course material is designed assuming most students will have the following:

- CS 110 or CS 111
- Some knowledge of C and UNIX

No previous experience with operating systems, raspberry pis, or embedded programming is required.

If you want to take the course but are worried about any of these, talk to us! We can point you to resources to help catch up, should you need them. ## Why should I take CS 140E?

CS 140E is unlike many other Stanford CS classes in one major way: it isn't
simplified for a classroom setting. The hardware you're interacting with is the
same hardware the Linux kernel interacts with. When there's a bug in the
hardware, we have to work around it. When the documents are wrong, we have to
find the errors.

- If the freedom to design any embedded system you can imagine excites you, CS
  140E is one of the only places you can do it in a classroom setting.
- If you've never programmed in a completely baremetal system before, CS 140E
  will give you a taste of what it's like.
- If you want to get better at debugging, CS 140E will give you plenty of
  opportunities to do so.
- If you want to get better at real-world systems programming, CS 140E gives
  you the chance to work on raw hardware and documents, rather than
  a simplified simulation.

## Who should take CS 140E?

This is a tricky question, since there's no one particular set of factors which
is correlated with success in this class. There's a subset of people who love
it, and a subset who don't.

In general, the people who enjoy CS 140E tend to fit the following:

1.  One of:
    - You write code well
    - You want to learn to write code well, and have a lot of time to devote to
      the class
2.  You find systems topics interesting

However, since the class is fairly unusual in a lot of ways, it also tends to
appeal to people from atypical backgrounds. Some of our most successful
students in the past have been from non-CS majors. As mentioned below, we don't
have any hard prerequisites; this is specifically because we want the course to
be accessible to anyone who's interested in learning the material, regardless
of background.

## What are the differences between CS 212 and CS 140E?

CS 140E can count as a substitute for CS 212 (including for PhD students who
need to fulfill an OS breadth requirement). It is approximately 80% of the
_coding_ work of CS 212, but will probably require a more strenuous type of
thinking at some points. The main differences are:

1.  We work with raw hardware (the Raspberry Pi A+), not a simulator.
2.  Most of the reading involves primary hardware documents, rather than
    high-level discussions.
3.  Most of the code at the end will (hopefully) be written by you, rather than
    you having to deal with a large, complicated codebase.
4.  We focus much more on checking and somewhat-verifying your code,
    rather than passing an autograder.

With that said, you are strongly encouraged to sit in on the CS 212 lectures if
you can; Mazières is incredibly knowledgable, and will serve as a great
counterpoint to what we do.

The flip side of working with raw hardware and documentation is that this class
is much less structured than other CS classes you might have taken before. If
you're the kind of person who loves figuring things out and exploring, great!
If you prefer more structured assignments and lectures, you might want to
consider CS 212 instead.

CS 140E: embedded operating systems

Operating Systems

Observability

1 courses cover this concept

CS 140E: embedded operating systems